Main Article Content

Authors


This article reports on descriptive case studies, and researched the factors of improvisation in organizational resilience in the context of the Covid-19 health emergency. A total of 23 businesses in the city of Bogotá, from different economic activities, participated in this study. Participants were managers, owners, legal representatives, or executives from those businesses. The research type is descriptive with a qualitative approach, aimed at identifying qualitative attributes based on responses or ratings using the Likert scale. A Likert-type questionnaire was used, rating seven resilience factors, whose indicators were defined by reviewing the literature on the subject. It was found that among the resilience factors, those with the lowest performance were the components of sustainability, corporate culture, and innovative ecosystem; the determinants of coping skills and leadership were the best performing; meanwhile, human talent and the elements of flexibility and adaptation played an intermediate role in sustaining the business amid the health emergency. The study corroborates the previously existing theory and shows the possible variation in the influence of improvisation factors depending on the size of the company, its structure and organization. This study may serve as an input for future research related to the determining factors in organizational resilience and the behavior of companies in the face of different types of crises.

Pedro Nel Valbuena, Universidad El Bosque

Professor, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia. Economist, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Colombia, Doctor in Social Studies, Universidad Externado de Colombia.

Yamile Andrea Montenegro Montenegro, Universidad El Bosque

Professor, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia. Lawyer, Universidad de la Sabana, Colombia, Doctor in Law, University of Vienna, Austria.

 

Mario Hernán González, Universidad El Bosque

Associate Professor, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia. Psychologist, Universidad INCCA de Colombia, Colombia, Master in business administration and management, Universidad de la Salle, Colombia.

 

Boris Cendales, Universidad El Bosque

Associate Professor, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia. Sociologist, Universidad del Rosario, Colombia, Doctor in Psychology, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia.

 

 

 

Valbuena, P. N., Montenegro, Y. A. M., González, M. H., & Cendales, B. (2023). Organizational resilience factors in Bogotá-based businesses during the Covid-19 pandemic. Cuadernos De Administración, 39(77), e2712965. https://doi.org/10.25100/cdea.v39i77.12965

Abdul, N.S., Krishnan, K.S., Suradi, Z. & Juhdi, N. (2019). Identification of critical components of resilience during and after economic crises: The case of women food operators in Kuala Lumpur”. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 24(supp. 2), 111-126. https://doi.org/10.21315/aamj2019.24.s2.8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21315/aamj2019.24.s2.8

Ahmić, A. (2022). Strategic Sustainability Orientation Influence on Organizational Resilience: Moderating Effect of Firm Size. Business Systems Research, 13(1), 169-191. https://doi.org/10.2478/bsrj-2022-0011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/bsrj-2022-0011

Alabi, A., Jelili, M. (2023) Clarifying likert scale misconceptions for improved application in urban studies, Quality & Quantity 57, 1337-1350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-022-01415-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-022-01415-8

Alvarenga, M. Z., De Oliveira, M. P. V., Filho, H. Z., & Dos Santos, W. R. (2018). Analytical supply chains: ¿Are they more resilient? A model’s proposition. Journal of Operations and Supply Chain Management, 11(2), 46-58. https://doi.org/10.12660/joscmv11n2p46-58 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12660/joscmv11n2p46-58

Barbosa, F. P. M., Davel, E. (2021). Improvisação organizacional: desafios e perspectivas para o ensino-aprendizagem em administração. Cadernos EBAPE.BR, 19(4), 1016-1030. https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-3951220200191 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-3951220200191

Bertschek, I., Polder, M., & Schulte, P. (2019). ICT and resilience in times of crisis: evidence from cross-country micro moment’s data. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 28(8), 759-774. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2018.1557417 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2018.1557417

Bhaskara, G. I., Filimonau, V., Wijaya, N. M. S., & Suryasih, I. A. (2020). The future of tourism in light of increasing natural disasters. Journal of Tourism Futures, 7(2),174-178. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-10-2019-0107 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-10-2019-0107

Canevari-Luzardo, L. M. Berkhout, F., & Pelling, M. (2020). A relational view of climate adaptation in the private sector: How do value chain interactions shape business perceptions of climate risk and adaptive behaviors? Business Strategy and the Environment, 29(2), 432-444. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2375 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2375

Carvalho, A. (2023). A Duality Model of Dynamic Capabilities: Combining Routines and Improvisation. Administrative Sciences, 13(3), 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13030084 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13030084

CEPAL (2021) Análisis de las políticas de apoyo a las pymes para enfrentar la pandemia de COVID-19 en América Latina. https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/publication/files/46743/S2100104_es.pdf

Cowling, M., Brown, R., & Rocha, A. (2020) Did you save some cash for a rainy COVID-19 day? The crisis and SMEs. International Small Business Journal, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242620945102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242620945102

Cherneski, J. (2020) Evidence-loving rock star chief medical officers: Female leadership amidst COVID-19 in Canada Gender, Work and Organization, 38(7)1-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242620945102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12494

Confecámaras (2021). Resultados Encuesta de las Cámaras de Comercio de Seguimiento y Monitoreo del Impacto de la COVID-19 en el Sector Empresarial. https://www.confecamaras.org.co/phocadownload/2020/VF_Encuesta_Empresarios_Covid-19_Febrero_2021.pdf

Cunha, M. P., Cunha, J. V., & Kamoche, K. (1999). Organizational Improvisation: What, When, How and Why. International Journal of Management Reviews 1(3), 299-341. https://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/6589 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2370.00017

Cunha, M. P., Neves, P., Clegg, S. R., & Rego, A. (2015) Tales of the unexpected: Discussing improvisational learning. Management Learning, 46(5), 511-529. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507614549121 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507614549121

Das, K. (2019). Integrating lean, green, and resilience criteria in a sustainable food supply chain-planning model. International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management, 4(2), 259-275. https://dx.doi.org/10.33889/IJMEMS.2019.4.2-022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33889/IJMEMS.2019.4.2-022

Del Carpio, J., Miralles, F. (2019). Análisis cualitativo de los determinantes de la innovación en una economía emergente. Retos Revista de Ciencias de la Administración y Economía, 9(17), 161-175. https://doi.org/10.17163/ret.n17.2019.10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17163/ret.n17.2019.10

Dentoni, D., Pinkse, J. & Lubberink, R. (2020). Linking Sustainable Business Models to Socio-Ecological Resilience Through Cross-Sector Partnerships: A Complex Adaptive Systems View. Business and Society 60(5),1-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650320935015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650320935015

Duchek, S. (2020) Organizational resilience: a capability-based conceptualization. Business Research, 13(1), 215-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-019-0085-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-019-0085-7

Evans, S., Bahrami, H. (2020). Super-Flexibility in Practice: Insights from a Crisis Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 21, 207–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-020-00246-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-020-00246-6

Falcão M., Cunha, M. P. e., & Meyer, V., (2022). Strategic improvisation: an introductory conceptual framework. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 29(1), 24-47. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-03-2021-0044 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-03-2021-0044

Ganga, F. A., Navarrete, E., & Suárez, W. (2017). Approaching the theoretical foundations of authentic leadership. Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, 22(77), 36-55. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=29051457004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31876/revista.v22i77.22497

García, R., Valle, D., y Canales, R. A. (2021). Selección organizacional: Resiliencia y desempeño de las pymes en la era de la COVID-19. Estudios Gerenciales, 37(158), 73-84. https://doi.org/10.18046/j.estger.2021.158.4291 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18046/j.estger.2021.158.4291

Gao, Y., Yang, X., & Li, S. (2022). Government Supports, Digital Capability, and Organizational Resilience Capacity during COVID-19: The Moderation Role of Organizational Unlearning. Sustainability, 14(15), 9520. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159520 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159520

Hadida, A. L., Tarvainen, W., & Rose, J. (2015) Organizational improvisation: A consolidating review and framework. International Journal of Management Reviews, 17(4), 437-459. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12047 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12047

Heredia, J., Rubiños, C., Vega, W., Heredia, W., & Flores, A. (2022). New Strategies to Explain Organizational Resilience on the Firms: A Cross-Countries Configurations Approach. Sustainability, 14(3), 1612. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031612 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031612

Hillmann, J., Guenther, E. (2020). Organizational Resilience: A Valuable Construct for Management Research? International Journal of Management Reviews, 23(1), 7-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12239 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12239

Huber, M., Komatina, N., Paunović, V., & Nestić, S. (2023). Analysis of the Relationship between the Organizational Resilience Factors and Key Performance Indicators’ Recovery time in Uncertain Environments in Industrial Enterprises. Mathematics, 11(14), 3075. https://doi.org/10.3390/math11143075 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/math11143075

Hughes, P., Hodgkinson, I. R. Kouropalatis, Y., Lindgreen, A. (2020). A diagnostic tool to determine a strategic improvisation Readiness Index Score (IRIS) to survive, adapt, and thrive in a crisis. Industrial Marketing Management 88, 485-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.05.020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.05.020

Kativhu, S., Mwale, M., & Francis, J. (2018). Approaches to measuring resilience and their applicability to small retail business resilience. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 16(4), 275-284. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(4).2018.23 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(4).2018.23

Lafuente, E., Strassburger, F., Vaillant, Y., & Vilajosana, J. (2017). Organizational resilience and performance: an analysis of the relevance of suppliers’ trade credit and bank diversification in the Spanish construction industry. Construction Economics and Building, 17(4), 1-19. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5889-7656 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5130/AJCEB.v17i4.5704

Levine, R., Lin, C., & Xie, W. (2018). Corporate Resilience to Banking Crises: The Roles of Trust and Trade Credit. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 53(4), 1441-1477. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022109018000224 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022109018000224

Li, Q., Zhang, Xiu-e., & Zhang, W. (2023). Organizational Resilience and Configurational Conditions from the Perspective of Emergency: A fsQCA Approach. Sage Open, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231158057 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231158057

Littlewood, D., Holt, D. (2018). Social enterprise resilience in sub-Saharan Africa. Business Strategy and Development, 1(1), 53-63. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bsd2.11

Liu, Y., Lee, J. M., & Lee, C. (2020). The challenges and opportunities of a global health crisis: the management and business implications of COVID-19 from an Asian perspective. Asian Bus Manage, 19, 277-297. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-020-00119-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-020-00119-x

Lloyd-Smith, M. (2020) The COVID-19 pandemic: resilient organisational response to a low-chance, high-impact event. BMJ Leader 4(3), 109-112. https://doi.org/10.1136/leader-2020-000245 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/leader-2020-000245

Malik, P., Garg, P. (2018). Psychometric Testing of the Resilience at Work Scale Using Indian Sample. Vikalpa, 43(2),77-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0256090918773922 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0256090918773922

Manab, N. A., Aziz, N. A. A. (2019). Integrating knowledge management in sustainability risk management practices for company survival. Management Science Letters, 9(4), 585-594. https://www.growingscience.com/msl/Vol9/msl_2019_45.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.1.004

Malinen, S. Hatton, T., Naswall, K., & Kuntz, J. (2019). Strategies to enhance employee well-being and organisational performance in a postcrisis environment: A case study. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 27(1), 79-86. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12227 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12227

Mokline, B., Ben Abdallah, M. A. (2021). Organizational resilience as response to a crisis: case of COVID-19 crisis. Continuity & Resilience Review, 3(3), 232-247. https://doi.org/10.1108/CRR-03-2021-0008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CRR-03-2021-0008

Naldi, L., Larsson, J. P., & Westlund, H. (2020). Policy entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial orientation in vulnerable Swedish municipalities. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 32(7-8), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2020.1798557 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2020.1798557

Pratono, A. H. (2022). The strategic innovation under information technological turbulence: the role of organisational resilience in competitive advantage. Competitiveness Review, 32(3), 475-491. https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-03-2021-0046 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-03-2021-0046

Păunescu, C., Argatu, R. (2020). Critical functions in ensuring effective business continuity management. Evidence from romanian companies. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 21(2), 497-520. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2020.12205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2020.12205

Pescaroli G., Velasquez O., Alcantara I., Galasso C., Kostkova P., & Alexander, D. (2020) A Likert Scale-Based Model for Benchmarking Operational Capacity, Organizational Resilience, and Disaster Risk Reduction. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-020-00276-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-020-00276-9

Pettit, T. J., Croxton, K. L., & Fiksel, J. (2019). The Evolution of Resilience in Supply Chain Management: A Retrospective on Ensuring Supply Chain Resilience. Journal of Business Logistics, 40(1), 56-65. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbl.12202 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jbl.12202

Ramdani, B., Binsaif, A., Boukrami, E., & Guermat, C. (2020) Business models innovation in investment banks: a resilience perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 39, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-020-09723-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-020-09723-z

Rapaccini, M., Saccani, N., Kowalkowski, C., Paiola, M., & Adrodegari, F. (2020). Navigating disruptive crises through service-led growth: The impact of COVID-19 on Italian manufacturing firms. Industrial Marketing Management, 88, 225-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.05.017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.05.017

Rittichainuwat, B., Laws, E., Maunchontham, R., Rattanaphinanchai, S., Muttamara, S., Mouton, K., Lin, Y., & Suksai, C. (2020). Resilience to crises of Thai MICE stakeholders: A longitudinal study of the destination image of Thailand as a MICE destination. Tourism Management Perspectives, 35, 100704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100704 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100704

Sahebjamnia, N., Torabi, S. A., & Mansouri, S.A (2018) Building organizational resilience in the face of multiple disruptions. International Journal of Production Economics, 197, 63-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2017.12.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2017.12.009

Sanchis, R.; Poler, R. (2019) Mitigation proposal for the enhancement of enterprise resilience against supply disruptions. IFAC-Papers On Line, 52(13), 2833-2838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.11.638 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.11.638

Sin, I. S. M., Musa, N. A., & Ng. K. Y. N. (2017). Building business resilience through incident management body of knowledge (IMBOK™): The amalgamated framework for total resilient capability. Global Business and Finance Review, 22(1), 38-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17549/gbfr.2017.22.1.38 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17549/gbfr.2017.22.1.38

Sincorá, L. A., Oliveira, M. P. V., Zanquetto-Filho, H., & Ladeira, M. B. (2018). Business analytics leveraging resilience in organizational processes. Management Journal, 53(3), 385-403. https://doi.org/10.1108/RAUSP-04-2018-002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/RAUSP-04-2018-002

Su, S., Baird, K., & Munir, R. (2023). Organisational resilience: the role of organisational culture from an organisational life cycle perspective. International Journal of Manpower, 44(3), 403-421. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-11-2021-0631 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-11-2021-0631

Thillai, R. P., Thurasamy, R., Marimuthu, A., Kumara, R. V., Annamalah, S., Paraman, P., & Wong, C. H. (2023). The Impact of Proactive Resilience Strategies on Organizational Performance: Role of Ambidextrous and Dynamic Capabilities of SMEs in Manufacturing Sector. Sustainability, 15(16), 12665. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612665 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612665

Tian, Y., Hong, J. (2022). In the Context of Digital Finance, Can Knowledge Enable Manufacturing Companies to Be More Courageous and Move towards Sustainable Innovation? Sustainability, 14(17), 10634. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710634 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710634

Torres, A. P., Marshall, M. I., & Sydnor, S. (2019). Does social capital pay off? The case of small business resilience after Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 27(2), 168-181. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12248 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12248

Trotter, M. J., Salmon, P. M., & Lenné, M. G. (2013). Improvisation: theory, measures and known influencing factors. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 14(5), 475-498. https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2012.656153 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2012.656153

Vakilzadeh, K., Haase, A. (2021). The building blocks of organizational resilience: a review of the empirical literature. Continuity & Resilience Review, 3(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1108/CRR-04-2020-0002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CRR-04-2020-0002

Wut, T., Wing, S., & Jing B. (2022). Role of Organizational Resilience and Psychological Resilience in the Workplace—Internal Stakeholder Perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18), 11799. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811799 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811799

Xiaofeng, S., Jiang, X., Wenhe, L., Anxin, X., & Qiujin, Z. (2022). Organizational Innovative Climate and Employees’ Improvisational Behavior: The Mediating Role of Psychological Safety and the Moderating Role of Creative Self-Efficacy. Sage Open, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221132526 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221132526

Yang, K. (2020). Unprecedented Challenges, Familiar Paradoxes: COVID-19 and Governance in a New Normal State of Risks. Public Administration Review, 80(4), 657-664. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13248 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13248

Yu, W., Jacobs, M. A., Chavez, R., & Yang, J. (2019). Dynamism, disruption orientation, and resilience in the supply chain and the impacts on financial performance: A dynamic capabilities perspective. International Journal of Production Economics, 218, 352-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.07.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.07.013

Zafari, K., Biggemann, S., & Garry, T. (2020) Mindful management of relationships during periods of crises: A model of trust, doubt and relational adjustments. Industrial Marketing Management, 88, 278-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.05.026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.05.026

Zhang, X., Mendonça, D. (2020). Co-evolution of work structure and process in organizations: improvisation in post-disaster debris removal operations. Cognition, Technology & Work, 23, 343-352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-020-00631-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-020-00631-2

Zahari, A. I., Mohamed, N., Said, J., & Yusof, F. (2022). Assessing the mediating effect of leadership capabilities on the relationship between organisational resilience and organisational performance. International Journal of Social Economics, 49(2), 280-295. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-06-2021-0358 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-06-2021-0358

Zehrer, A., Leiß, G. (2019). Family entrepreneurial resilience – an intergenerational learning approach. Journal of Family Business Management, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFBM-09-2018-0037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JFBM-09-2018-0037

Received 2023-05-19
Accepted 2023-12-31
Published 2023-11-08